1 INTRODUCTION
On March 11, 2020, the World Well being Group declared the outbreak of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19)1 to be a pandemic brought on by the extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). You will need to implement preventive actions towards rising infectious illnesses, and actions reminiscent of sustaining bodily distance, sporting a face masks, and hand disinfection have been beneficial to assist fight the unfold of COVID-19.2 Along with these an infection prevention measures, acquisition of herd immunity is necessary to finish the pandemic.3 Nonetheless, given the small variety of contaminated individuals in Japan on the time of a survey carried out in December 2020 by the Collaborative On-line Analysis on Novel-coronavirus and Work research (CORoNaWork research), the reported antibody prevalence was only one.35% amongst individuals in Tokyo, the town with the very best prevalence of COVID-19 infections.4
The newly developed COVID-19 vaccines are being administered in lots of nations with the intention of reaching herd immunity. Reaching herd immunity by vaccination can also be necessary in Japan to guard individuals from extreme illness and to assist restore financial actions. In Japan, vaccination of roughly 40 000 well being care employees started on February 17, 2021, and vaccination of older individuals (aged ≥65 years) started in April 2021.5 Nonetheless, many individuals stay hesitant to be vaccinated, and a few even refuse vaccination.6 This vaccine hesitancy is taken into account a serious barrier to the acquisition of herd immunity towards SARS-CoV-2 an infection. Vaccines might trigger hostile reactions, and there are moral points concerned in mandating vaccination. Due to this fact, in most nations, vaccination towards COVID-19 is voluntary and based mostly on particular person determination making.7 The vaccination charge in Japan is decrease than that in different nations, together with vaccination towards seasonal influenza8; influenza A (H1N1), which led to a pandemic in 20099; and human papillomavirus owing to experiences of negative effects, though a causal relationship stays unclear.10 As of 2021, affirmative survey response charges in Japan relating to whether or not “vaccines are secure” and “vaccines are efficient” have been decrease than these of different nations.11 Addressing vaccine hesitancy in Japan is due to this fact necessary to realize herd immunity towards COVID-19.12
Organizational components reminiscent of management in well being promotion and the office well being local weather have a substantial affect on well being behaviors amongst employees.13 In workplaces with a great well being local weather that helps worker well being promotion and the place an infection prevention measures are actively applied, the variety of employees who’re vaccinated could also be greater than in different workplaces. Earlier research on organizational components within the office and vaccination habits have reported that the presence of organizational governance influences vaccination charges in well being care organizations.14
An indicator associated to such a well being local weather is perceived organizational help (POS). POS is outlined as a normal notion regarding the extent to which the group values organizational members’ contributions and cares about their well-being.15 POS contains two logically totally different facets: the optimistic analysis of 1’s contribution by the group, and the consideration of 1’s well-being by the group. Nonetheless, it’s believed that working individuals combine these two facets to kind a single notion.16
A earlier research discovered that workers with a excessive POS have been extra prone to take part in wellness applications than these with a low POS.17 Due to this fact, workers working in organizations with excessive POS could also be extra prepared to be vaccinated to assist stop an infection within the office. Moreover, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, employers are anticipated to be proactive in adopting an infection prevention measures in collaboration with their workers. This means that proactive an infection prevention measures aimed toward defending the well being of workers might enhance POS. Nonetheless, no earlier research have examined the connection between POS within the office throughout an infectious illness pandemic or the standing of an infection management efforts within the office and vaccination intention amongst workers.
We, due to this fact, formulated two hypotheses: (1) Staff with a excessive POS have a better intention to obtain the COVID-19 vaccine and (2) The affiliation between POS and vaccination intention is influenced by the implementation standing of an infection prevention measures within the office. We examined these hypotheses utilizing knowledge from an Web-based survey carried out in Japan when COVID-19 vaccination was within the strategy planning stage.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
A analysis group from the College of Occupational and Environmental Well being, Japan, carried out a potential cohort research, generally known as the Collaborative On-line Analysis on Novel-coronavirus and Work research (CORoNaWork research). The self-administered questionnaire survey was accomplished by a panel registered with the Web survey firm Cross Advertising Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). In the course of the baseline survey (carried out throughout December 22–25, 2020), Japan was within the third wave of the pandemic wherein the numbers of COVID-19 infections and deaths have been markedly greater than these within the first and second waves; due to this fact, the nation was on excessive alert.
We used baseline survey knowledge from the CORoNaWork research to conduct the current cross-sectional research. The CORoNaWork research protocol, together with the sampling plan and participant recruitment process, has beforehand been reported intimately.18 Members have been aged 20–65 years, working on the time of the baseline survey (N = 33 087), and have been stratified utilizing cluster sampling by intercourse, age, area, and occupation. After excluding 6051 contributors who supplied invalid responses, we included knowledge for 27 036 contributors from the database. The exclusion standards for the current research have been: people who had been contaminated with COVID-19 or who had been in shut contact with an individual who was identified with COVID-19 an infection; self-employed employees; employees in small or house places of work; and agriculture, forestry, and fishery employees. We lastly analyzed knowledge for 23 846 employees.
The current research was authorized by the Ethics Committee of the College of Occupational and Environmental Well being, Japan (reference No. R2-079). Knowledgeable consent was obtained by the CORoNaWork research survey web site on the time the information have been collected.
2.1 Evaluation of POS
POS was evaluated with the next merchandise: “Your organization helps workers to find a stability between lively, productive working and wholesome residing,” based mostly on a earlier research.19 Members answered utilizing a four-point scale: Strongly agree/Agree/Disagree/Strongly disagree. Responses have been categorized as indicating very excessive, excessive, low, and really low POS. We additionally carried out an evaluation with POS as an ordinal variable. We outlined very excessive POS as a rating of 4 factors, excessive POS as 3 factors, low POS as 2 factors, and really low POS as 1 level.
2.2 Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination intention and office an infection management measures
To evaluate vaccination intention, contributors have been requested: “Please reply the next questions relating to COVID-19. If the COVID-19 vaccine turns into accessible, would you prefer to be vaccinated instantly?” (sure or no). Office an infection management measures have been evaluated utilizing gadgets overlaying 9 particular measures: prohibition/restriction of enterprise journeys; prohibition/restriction of holiday makers; prohibition of holding or limiting the variety of individuals taking part in social gatherings or banquets; restriction of face-to-face conferences; all the time sporting masks throughout working hours; set up of partitions and alter of office format; advice for each day every physique temperature checks; advice for telecommuting; and requesting that workers not go to work when feeling sick. These 9 gadgets have been chosen by the researchers in accordance with discussions relating to an infection management measures towards COVID-19 within the office described within the tips of the Japanese authorities20 {and professional} organizations.21
2.3 Evaluation of covariates
Covariates included demographic and socioeconomic components, occupation, and variety of workers within the office. Age was expressed as a steady variable. Yearly equal earnings was categorized into 4 classes: <2.50 million Japanese yen (JPY); 2.50–3.74 million JPY; 3.75–4.99 million JPY; and ≥5 million JPY. Schooling was categorized into 4 classes: junior highschool or highschool, vocational faculty, junior school or technical faculty, college, and graduate faculty. Marital standing was categorized into three classes: married; divorced or widowed; and single. Within the baseline survey, contributors selected considered one of 11 choices for his or her occupation: normal worker; supervisor; government supervisor; public worker, college member or non-profit group worker; momentary/contract worker; self-employed; small workplace/house workplace; agriculture, forestry, or fishing; skilled occupation (e.g., lawyer, tax accountant, medical-related); and different occupations. As famous above, three of those classes have been excluded from this research, which means the occupations have been finally categorized into seven classes. The variety of workers within the office was categorized into 4 classes: 1–9, 10–99, 100–999, and ≥1000 workers. Moreover, the cumulative incidence charge of COVID-19 an infection decided within the prefecture of residence 1 month earlier than the survey was used as a community-level variable. This info was collected from the web sites of public establishments.
2.4 Statistical analyses
The percentages ratios (OR) for the affiliation between intention to obtain vaccination towards COVID-19 and POS have been estimated utilizing a multilevel logistic mannequin nested within the prefecture of residence to account for space selection. The multivariate mannequin was adjusted for intercourse and age (Mannequin 1), after which moreover adjusted for equal earnings (categorical), instructional background (categorical), marital standing, occupation, and variety of workers within the office (categorical) (Mannequin 2). Lastly, the mannequin was moreover adjusted for the variety of office an infection management measures applied within the office (Mannequin 3). All analyses used the incidence charge of COVID-19 by prefecture as a prefecture-level variable. A p-value < .05 was thought-about statistically vital. All analyses have been carried out utilizing Stata model 16 (StataCorp LLC, Faculty Station, TX, USA).
3 RESULTS
Desk 1 exhibits contributors’ traits by POS class. Of the 23 846 contributors, 1958 (8%) reported very excessive POS. Within the group with very excessive POS, 836 (43%) employees needed vaccination towards COVID-19, and 1382 (36%) employees within the group with very low POS needed vaccination.
Members’ traits by class of perceived organizational help
| Perceived organizational help | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very excessive | Excessive | Low | Very low | |
| Variety of contributors | 1958 | 11 683 | 6331 | 3874 |
| Age, imply (SD) | 45.8 (11.2) | 46.8 (10.8) | 46.2 (10.4) | 46.7 (9.7) |
| Intercourse, males | 878 (44.8%) | 5880 (50.3%) | 3136 (49.5%) | 1951 (50.4%) |
| Equal earnings (million JPY) | ||||
| <2.50 | 316 (16.1%) | 1965 (16.8%) | 1265 (20.0%) | 1027 (26.5%) |
| 2.50–3.74 | 463 (23.6%) | 3171 (27.1%) | 1950 (30.8%) | 1163 (30.0%) |
| 3.75–4.99 | 493 (25.2%) | 3004 (25.7%) | 1608 (25.4%) | 878 (22.7%) |
| ≥5.00 | 686 (35.0%) | 3543 (30.3%) | 1508 (23.8%) | 806 (20.8%) |
| Academic background | ||||
| Junior excessive or highschool | 460 (23.5%) | 2913 (24.9%) | 1762 (27.8%) | 1257 (32.4%) |
| Vocational faculty, junior school or technical faculty | 446 (22.8%) | 2648 (22.7%) | 1547 (24.4%) | 1009 (26.0%) |
| College | 946 (48.3%) | 5383 (46.1%) | 2725 (43.0%) | 1427 (36.8%) |
| Graduate Faculty | 106 (5.4%) | 739 (6.3%) | 297 (4.7%) | 181 (4.7%) |
| Marital standing | ||||
| Married | 1245 (63.6%) | 6874 (58.8%) | 3354 (53.0%) | 1858 (48.0%) |
| Bereaved/divorced | 185 (9.4%) | 1099 (9.4%) | 648 (10.2%) | 525 (13.6%) |
| Single | 528 (27.0%) | 3710 (31.8%) | 2329 (36.8%) | 1491 (38.5%) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Common worker | 893 (45.6%) | 5673 (48.6%) | 3559 (56.2%) | 2249 (58.1%) |
| Supervisor | 207 (10.6%) | 1382 (11.8%) | 585 (9.2%) | 320 (8.3%) |
| Government supervisor | 148 (7.6%) | 527 (4.5%) | 119 (1.9%) | 56 (1.4%) |
| Public worker, college member, or non-profit group worker | 225 (11.5%) | 1532 (13.1%) | 679 (10.7%) | 334 (8.6%) |
| Short-term/contract worker | 193 (9.9%) | 1421 (12.2%) | 793 (12.5%) | 464 (12.0%) |
| Skilled occupation (lawyer, tax accountant, medical-related, and many others.) | 196 (10.0%) | 863 (7.4%) | 466 (7.4%) | 279 (7.2%) |
| Different occupation | 96 (4.9%) | 285 (2.4%) | 130 (2.1%) | 172 (4.4%) |
| Variety of workers within the office | ||||
| 1–9 | 362 (18.5%) | 1577 (13.5%) | 782 (12.4%) | 688 (17.8%) |
| 10–100 | 449 (22.9%) | 3015 (25.8%) | 1964 (31.0%) | 1336 (34.5%) |
| 100–999 | 491 (25.1%) | 3443 (29.5%) | 2015 (31.8%) | 1076 (27.8%) |
| ≥1000 | 656 (33.5%) | 3648 (31.2%) | 1570 (24.8%) | 774 (20.0%) |
| Variety of office an infection management measures | ||||
| None | 96 (4.9%) | 590 (5.1%) | 513 (8.1%) | 617 (15.9%) |
| 1–2 | 122 (6.2%) | 844 (7.2%) | 732 (11.6%) | 719 (18.6%) |
| 3–4 | 208 (10.6%) | 1567 (13.4%) | 1105 (17.5%) | 725 (18.7%) |
| 5–7 | 613 (31.3%) | 4193 (35.9%) | 2314 (36.6%) | 1164 (30.0%) |
| 8–9 | 919 (46.9%) | 4489 (38.4%) | 1667 (26.3%) | 649 (16.8%) |
| Variety of workers with the COVID−19 vaccination intention (Sure) | 836 (42.7%) | 4677 (40.0%) | 2263 (35.7%) | 1382 (35.7%) |
- Abbreviation: SD, commonplace deviation.
Desk 2 exhibits the affiliation between POS (ordinal and categorical) and COVID-19 vaccination intention. Within the evaluation with POS as an ordinal variable, POS was related to COVID-19 vaccination intention (Mannequin 2: OR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.15, p < .001). The OR decreased after further adjustment for the variety of office an infection management measures (Mannequin 3: OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.09, p < .001). Within the evaluation with POS as a categorical variable, very excessive POS was related to COVID-19 vaccination intention (reference: very low POS) (Mannequin 2: OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.20–1.51, p < .001). The OR decreased after further adjustment for the variety of office an infection management measures (Mannequin 3: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04–1.31, p = .010). In distinction, excessive POS was related to COVID-19 vaccination intention (Mannequin 2: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09–1.27, p < .001), however excessive POS was not related to vaccination intention after further adjustment for the variety of office an infection management measures (Mannequin 3: OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.97–1.13, p = .276).
Odds ratios for perceived organizational help (ordinal and every class) and COVID-19 vaccination intention in a multilevel logistic regression mannequin
| Mannequin 1 | Mannequin 2 | Mannequin 3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95percentCI | p-value | Odds ratio | 95percentCI | p-value | Odds ratio | 95percentCI | p-value | Odds ratio | 95percentCI | p-value | |
| Perceived organizational help (ordinal variable ranged 1 to 4 factors) | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.16 | <0.001 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.15 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.09 | < .001 |
| Perceived organizational help | ||||||||||||
| Very excessive | 1.39 | 1.24 | 1.56 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 1.20 | 1.51 | <0.001 | 1.17 | 1.04 | 1.31 | .010 |
| Excessive | 1.21 | 1.12 | 1.30 | <0.001 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 1.27 | <0.001 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.13 | .276 |
| Low | 1.01 | 0.93 | 1.10 | 0.742 | 0.99 | .91 | 1.07 | 0.744 | .93 | 0.85 | 1.01 | .078 |
| Very low | reference | reference | reference | |||||||||
Observe
- Mannequin 1: adjusted for age and intercourse.
- Mannequin 2: Mannequin 1 + moreover adjusted for equal earnings (classes), instructional background (classes), marital standing, occupation, and variety of workers within the office (classes).
- Mannequin 3: Mannequin 2 + moreover adjusted for variety of office an infection management measures.
- All analyses have been carried out utilizing multilevel logistic regression nested inside the incidence charge of COVID-19 by prefecture.
- Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
4 DISCUSSION
This research confirmed that the upper the POS amongst employed individuals in Japan, the upper the vaccination intention. The connection between POS and vaccination intention was attenuated when adjusted for office an infection prevention measures. POS is predicated on the social trade principle, which means that in workplaces with greater POS, there could also be a higher sense of duty towards the group and altruistic habits towards organizational members, which means vaccination intentions to forestall office infections could also be elevated.22, 23 Vaccination intention additionally contains the social advantages of vaccination. The 5C scale (confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation, and collective duty) has beforehand been used as an indicator to judge the complicated components associated to vaccination intention. Within the 5C scale, collective duty is positively correlated with each collectivist tendencies and group orientation and is taken into account necessary as a result of it corresponds to the safety of others by herd immunity by way of one’s personal vaccination habits.24
There are two attainable the reason why the affiliation between POS and vaccination intention was attenuated by adjusting for office an infection prevention measures. First, if office an infection prevention measures are a confounding issue, proactive an infection prevention measures applied throughout the COVID-19 pandemic are anticipated to extend workers’ POS. Though POS doesn’t enhance with measures based on legal guidelines and laws or necessary measures, POS is very valued by organizational members when measures are based mostly on the discretionary decisions of the group.25 Moreover, proactive an infection prevention measures might have elevated the POS, which can have elevated vaccination intentions. Conversely, even after adjusting for an infection prevention measures, POS was related to vaccination intention, suggesting that POS itself might have a direct impact on vaccination intention. Second, greater POS throughout the COVID-19 pandemic might have facilitated the implementation of office an infection prevention measures. The presence of management help in office well being promotion has been reported to extend POS,17 and excessive POS within the office might enhance worker participation in well being behaviors.26 The identical is prone to be true for office an infection prevention measures which might be applied with a collaborative understanding between workers and the corporate. Consequently, the implementation of assorted office an infection prevention measures might have elevated understanding of vaccines and fostered a “norm of an infection prevention” within the office, which can have been related to vaccination intention.
Vaccination intention develops on the idea of the relative notion of the efficacy of vaccination and the danger of hostile reactions. Within the current survey (carried out in December 2020), the intention to vaccinate towards COVID-19 an infection was 42.7%, which is decrease than the 69.2% in one other survey27 carried out in October 2020. The rationale for this can be owing to variations within the questions requested in every survey. Within the October survey, responses to the query “If a vaccine for COVID-19 have been accessible, would you be prepared to be vaccinated? have been “I very a lot need to obtain the vaccine (30.2%)” and “I considerably need to obtain the vaccine (39.0%),” for a complete of 69.2%. Nonetheless, the December survey used the query “Please reply the next questions relating to COVID-19. If the COVID-19 vaccine turns into accessible, would you prefer to be vaccinated instantly?” The phrase “instantly” was included within the query. When the survey for the current research was carried out (December 2020), worldwide info relating to vaccine trials and vaccination was nonetheless rising, and it’s unlikely that the general public had enough and correct info relating to COVID-19 vaccines. Due to this fact, when requested about their intention to be vaccinated “instantly,” individuals who needed to be vaccinated however needed extra time to consider it or needed to decide after receiving enough info on the effectiveness and negative effects of the vaccine might have answered “No.”
Moreover, it’s attainable that appropriate data concerning the seriousness of COVID-19 obtained when enacting infectious illness prevention measures within the office throughout the current research interval might have elevated consciousness concerning the want for vaccination. It has additionally been identified that vaccination habits is affected by social norms, which can have influenced vaccination intentions.28–31
POS is rooted within the mutual relationship between a corporation and its workers. The current outcomes urged {that a} good mutual relationship between the 2 on an ongoing foundation might result in applicable responses aimed toward defending the well being and lifetime of the group and its workers within the occasion of a disaster, such because the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, excessive POS has been related to workers’ work-related indicators, reminiscent of excessive organizational dedication, job efficiency, and decrease turnover charges.25 Conversely, it has been urged that a corporation that takes proactive actions to make sure the well being and well-being of its workers throughout a disaster might have a optimistic affect on subsequent worker efficiency.
The query stays of what interventions might be thought-about to extend POS within the office. In prior analysis, three normal classes of favorable remedy obtained by workers from their employer (i.e., equity, supervisor help, and compensation and job circumstances) have been proven to be positively associated to POS. Of those three organizational remedy classes, when controlling for the opposite two classes, equity confirmed the strongest relationship with POS (OR = 0.41, p < .01), supervisor help confirmed the second strongest relationship (OR = 0.32, p < .01), and compensation and job circumstances confirmed the weakest relationship, though it was statistically vital (OR = 0.12, p < .01). Character traits had a weak affiliation with POS, and demographic variables had a really weak affiliation.25
POS can also be enhanced when workers consider that organizational rewards and favorable job circumstances, reminiscent of wage, promotion, job enrichment, and influencing organizational insurance policies, are the results of voluntary organizational actions fairly than exterior pressures, reminiscent of union bargaining or authorities well being and security laws.16 Due to this fact, to extend POS, it is vital for workers to understand the human sources system, efficiency appraisal system, and organizational construction, as they relate to “equity,” “supervisor help,” and “compensation and job circumstances,” to be voluntary actions on the a part of the group.
This research had a number of limitations that warrant point out. First, this was a cross-sectional research, so it was not attainable to differentiate between trigger and impact and to find out causality. A potential cohort research is critical to make clear a causal relationship. Second, the generalizability of the outcomes is unsure as a result of this research was carried out utilizing an Web panel. Nonetheless, we tried to cut back bias within the goal inhabitants as a lot as attainable by sampling in accordance with area, job kind, and prefecture in accordance with the an infection incidence charge. Third, the timing of the survey may need affected the responses of the goal inhabitants. As a result of the survey was carried out when Japan was experiencing a fast enhance within the variety of COVID-19 infections, vaccination intention and the standing of implementation of office an infection prevention measures might have been affected. Moreover, the vaccination plan in Japan was undecided and it was unclear when vaccines could be accessible, which can have influenced responses relating to vaccination intention. Fourth, POS was evaluated utilizing a easy query (“Your organization helps workers to find a stability between lively, productive working, and wholesome residing” [Strongly agree/Agree/Disagree/Strongly disagree]), and the measurement validity of the unique idea of POS was untested. Lastly, we couldn’t contemplate different potential confounders, reminiscent of workload and different socioeconomic components.
The findings of the current research counsel that top POS throughout the COVID-19 pandemic will increase workers’ vaccination intention, and that the connection between POS and vaccination intention is strongly influenced by the implementation of office an infection prevention measures. Due to this fact, selling the development of workers’ well-being and implementing applicable office an infection prevention measures within the occasion of an rising infectious illness outbreak might affect the vaccination habits of workers. In flip, this may increasingly contribute to the acquisition of herd immunity in the neighborhood.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported and partly funded by the College of Occupational and Environmental Well being, Japan; Common Included Basis (Anshin Zaidan); The Improvement of Academic Supplies on Psychological Well being Measures for Managers at Small-sized Enterprises; Well being, Labour and Welfare Sciences Analysis Grants; Complete Analysis for Ladies’s Healthcare (H30-josei-ippan-002); Analysis for the Institution of an Occupational Well being System in Occasions of Catastrophe (H30-roudou-ippan-007); and scholarship donations from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., the Collabo-Well being Research Group, and Hitachi Techniques, Ltd. Present members of the CORoNaWork Mission (in alphabetical order) are Dr. Yoshihisa Fujino (current chairperson of the research group), Dr. Akira Ogami, Dr. Arisa Harada, Dr. Ayako Hino, Dr. Hajime Ando, Dr. Hisashi Eguchi, Dr. Kazunori Ikegami, Dr. Kei Tokutsu, Dr. Keiji Muramatsu, Dr. Koji Mori, Dr. Kosuke Mafune, Dr. Kyoko Kitagawa, Dr. Masako Nagata, Dr. Mayumi Tsuji, Ms. Ning Liu, Dr. Rie Tanaka, Dr. Ryutaro Matsugaki, Dr. Seiichiro Tateishi, Dr. Shinya Matsuda, Dr. Tomohiro Ishimaru, and Dr. Tomohisa Nagata. All members are affiliated with the College of Occupational and Environmental Well being, Japan. We thank Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/) for modifying a draft of this manuscript.
DISCLOSURE
Moral approval: This research was authorized by the Ethics Committee of the College of Occupational and Environmental Well being, Japan (reference No. R2-079 and R3-006). Knowledgeable Consent: Knowledgeable consent was obtained utilizing the shape on the web site. Registry and the Registration No. of the research/Trial: N/A. Animal Research: N/A. Battle of Curiosity: The authors declare no conflicts of curiosity related to this manuscript.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
YK: evaluation and writing the manuscript; TN: creating the questionnaire, evaluation, and drafting the manuscript; YF: general survey planning, creating the questionnaire, and overview of manuscripts; AH, ST, AO, MT, and SM: Assessment of manuscripts, recommendation on interpretation, and funding for analysis; KM: drafting the manuscript, overview of manuscripts, and recommendation on interpretation.
The info that help the findings of this research can be found on request from the corresponding writer. The info usually are not publicly accessible on account of privateness or moral restrictions.
REFERENCES
